Por Tona
Este 2018, en México tendremos las elecciones más complejas y costosas, y con las mayores candidaturas sometidas a votación de nuestra historia reciente. Además de la presencia de las campañas políticas en las calles y en los medios de comunicación tradicionales también están en el escenario digital, el uso de la tecnología, como muchas veces, trasciende a muchas conductas de la población. El uso actual, en México, de las redes sociales se ha ido transformando y avanzando dentro de nuestra población, si bien ya existía en anteriores votaciones presidenciales e intermedias, no era muy extendido como lo es ahora. Hasta 2015 el internet ha llegado hasta 57.4% de la población, y por diversas causas se ha ido reduciendo la brecha digital (reforma a telecomunicaciones, más proveedores de internet, reducción de precios, más conectividad); sin embargo aún hay una considerable cantidad de la población desconectada de internet, sobretodo en entidades y municipios con alta marginación. El Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación (TEPJF) ha confirmado en varias decisiones que el uso de internet y de las redes sociales no está regulado en los procesos electorales. Por lo tanto los portales y las redes sociales son libres de llevar la información que deseen; sin embargo los partidos y candidatos de tienen que rendir cuentas de los recursos utilizados en el sistema de fiscalización del Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) para ver cuánto se gastaron en internet. La no regulación de las campañas políticas en internet y redes sociales se justifica en la protección y ejercicio de diversos derechos fundamentales en nuestro sistema jurídico mexicano e internacional; dichos derechos como la libertad de expresión, derecho a la información, derecho a la participación política, entre otras interpretaciones que se les pueda observar a tales principios. Sin embargo, los derechos traen consigo muchas responsabilidades jurídicas y morales; cuando los derechos no se ejercen con responsabilidad, tienen diversas consecuencias que pueden trasgredir a diversas consecuencias. En estos últimos años ha trascendido que diversos procesos electorales en el mundo (campaña presidencial en EU, el “Brexit” en Inglaterra, el movimiento independentista en Cataluña, entre otros en la UE) han sido influenciados de forma negativa por campañas de desinformación, de “noticias falsas”, algunas atribuidas a Rusia (que hasta ahora es el caso con más evidencia, pues la intervención rusa en la campaña de Trump se ha expuesto). En México, a principios de este mismo año se ha acusado con suposiciones endebles a Morena de tener vínculos con Rusia o con Maduro en Venezuela (el artículo de León Krauze contra John Akerman por su trabajo en RT en Español, notas del historiador Martin Moreno, acusaciones del senador Javier Lozano y llamadas anónimas a ciudadanos en Puebla). Hasta ahora no se han encontrado pruebas razonables de alguna intervención extranjera en nuestras elecciones, lo que si se ha documentado desde hace años es el uso de bots y la articulación de campañas negativas por parte del PRI. Dichas campañas en redes han sido para posicionar hashtags en diversas redes sociales, dar “me gusta” o “favorito” a publicaciones de candidatos, escribir buenos comentarios en dichas publicaciones y hasta publicar comentarios negativos en las cuentas de los candidatos de oposición. Nuestro escenario electoral-digital en México no es muy distinto de otros procesos electorales en el mundo, cabe mencionar que dichos procesos tuvieron alguna influencia negativa por las llamadas “campañas negativas” en las redes sociales. Todo esto hace replantearnos una vez más qué tan responsables somos en nuestro ejercicio de nuestros derechos frente a una realidad política que muchos ciudadanos intentamos trasformar contra una clase política corrupta e irresponsable. ¿Qué impacto tendrán las redes sociales en nuestra muy endeble y joven democracia?
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